Euthanasia: Argumentative essay Essay

The issue I am discussing today is euthanasia. Euthanasia is a practice of terminating a life of a person in a painless or minimally painful way, usually by lethal injection. In some countries it is criminalised, but I believe that euthanasia should be legal, and a basic human right. Euthanasia is a controversial issue because of conflicting moral feelings between different cultures. People say that dying by euthanasia is to die with dignity, instead of living an artificial life on respirators and other life support machines. If a person is terminally ill, and there is nothing anyone can do for them, why should they have to suffer?The text I am focussing on is a very famous book called of mice and men. This book is about a time in the great depression where two friends are struggling to find jobs. The character Lennie, who has a learning disability, is always getting into trouble for things that he doesnt realise are wrong. When Lennie crosses the line and accidentally kills a girl, George realises that if Lennie is caught, he will either be sent to a mental hospital or he will be tortured. Knowing what is truly best for Lennie, George shoots him. The author John Steinbeck is able to effectivly convince the reader to accept his opinion by writing the book about a real life euthanasia situation rather than just sayingeuthanasia isnt murder. When the victim is seriously ill or a threat to the society they shall be put to sleep without breaking the law. It is better to end one life then let it suffer. It is wrong for one to suffer without intentionally doing something wrong. These are some of the arguments that John Steinbeck is getting across in his book. It is hard to know if a life is worth living and when it isnt, but can a pain and suffering so incomprehensible ever be worth living for? A child who has severe disabilities or an elderly person with a painful disease would not get any enjoyment out of their life. Should society really force them to endure such a hardship?Some people may argue that every one should have the right to live, but they often dont know of the pain that these people go through. Sometimes the quality of life is so bad that people have the right to be put to rest if they choose. For example, a once strong, healthy, happy person is just lying in a bed unable to move. Another issue in euthanasia is having to make a choice. Many people believe that voluntary euthanasia is a form of suicide, but the definition of suicide is a person who takes their life due to depression. For depression, people can get help. But for people with painful disabilities it is beyond their control. Some may argue that voluntary euthanasia is too bigger choice for someone to make, but shouldnt people have the option to be put to rest with dignity by means of an injection rather than forms of suicide?For those that have more severe handicaps, sometimes they are incapable of understanding the situation, which makes it more difficult. Some consider involuntary euthanasia a type of murder, but murder is a crime committed against someone. If a person is severally in pain and unable to consent, then would the action of death be against the person, or would it be for the best?There is also a terrible pressure from society. All the arguments against voluntary euthanasia can be used by society to form a terrible psychological pressure on people to continue living for years against their better judgement. One example of this pressure is the risky and painful methods that those who genuinely wish to die would otherwise need to use, such as hanging. There are other factors people often forget about euthanasia such as economic costs. There is a limit on human resources in the world, in some countries there is a serious shortage of hospital space. The energy of doctors should be put on peoples lives that can be saved instead of a continued life of somebody who wants to die. This would increase the general quality of care, and would shorten waiting lists. It is also very hard on families do deal with not having the option of euthanasia. Instead of a memory of the person being happy and strong, they have a memory of the person lying there helpless, not able to feed themselves, get out of bed, or remember who they are. You might say that you should not try and play god by taking someones life away, but then why would god want to inflict so much pain on its creations? i believe that knowone should have to live with a pain that is worse than death. Bibliography Steinbeck, J. 1937, Of mice and Men, Covici, Friede, Inc. Wikipedia ®, Euthanasia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuthanasiaSydney Morning Herald, Euthanasia debatehttp://www.smh.com.au/specials/euthanasia/ATHEIST FOUNDATION OF AUSTRALIA INC, Voluntary Euthanasiahttp://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/ve.htm

Decision Making Essay

Decision making can be define as the cognitive process â€Å" resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of a action among several alternative possibillities. Every Decision Making process produces a final choice [James Reason (1990)] that may or may not promp action. Effective Decision Making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Decision – making, is one of the central activities of management and is a huge part of any implemantation. For effective decision making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which option is the best for that particular situation.Human performance in decision making terms has been the subject of active reserach from several perspectives. Form a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decision in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek. Form cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant chioce it leads to.[Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky 2000] The ability to make wise, educated decisions is essential to living a succesful and fulfilled life. Individuals, groups or teams make decisions every day. Some decisions are very important and affect lot of people whereas other decisions are small and affect only one or two people. A decision-making process based on data leads to good decisions. A major concern in management has been to understand and improve decision making. [Isabel Briggs Myers|Myers, I.1962]. There have been two approaches to management decision making [Huber, 1980]. The first is concerned with development and application of normative decision rules based on formal logic d erived from economics or ststistics. The second involves descriptive accounts of how people actually go about making judgements, decisions and choices. [Isable B. Myers|Myers,I. (1962)].  Decision making can usually be improved by breaking a problem into parts, working on the parts separately, and then combining themm to make final decision. It has been shown in a variety of works that business decision making environment is a unity of decision makers experience, belief and perceptions on one side, and decision support tools and techniques – on the other side. In making important decisions, any info rmation sources that contain relevant important are going to be accessed and used. In this presentation we are going to show decision making process, models, and types. And explain how we can make strategic decisions in different situations. In fact in making decision in management has a significant role as Peter Drucker says 90 percent of activities in management is decision making, so we are going to discuss this important subject to show different aspect of it and find new ideas in this area research. 2.0 Decision Making Process and Steps; Decision making can be categorised as a process evaluating a problem to find solution. It is always best to strive for the best decisions? There may not be the Probably not shooting for perfect solutions cann freeze decision makers into inaction. They also might be fear of making wrong decision.When gathering data and information becomes more important than making decisions and taking action sometimes, it’s better to make decisions, risk mistakes and then learn from the mikstakes when you make them. After all, then saying isn’t â€Å"decision make perfect†, it’s â€Å"practice makes perfect†. [S. Herper (2000)] As said coca cola decision which has resluted to story suggests the extensive need for decision making in business. A management decision typically typically affects a great number of people-customer, stockholders, employers and the general public. Coca cola is accountable to more than 100000 shareholders and of extensive number of employee. Professional undertake to see the managers decision which reflected its positive returns in their revenue report.It has emphasise on the welfare of the employees and the economis health of the community in large and take into  consideration the effect to the country as whole. To strive and prosper, proffessional managers should be able to withstand the pressure and make sound decision. Companies do not want dynamics failures; they require individuals wha are properly equipped to make decisions. It doesn’t mean that the decision makers (managers) is 100 percent is accurate most of the time. They also tends to make wrong decisions most of the time at the expense of the shareholders.It does suggest that succesful managers have a higher batting average than les succesful managers. [R. Wayne Mondy (1993)] The process of decision making does not occur in tandem. The organization external environment influence the decision making process and the internal environment assist what and how the decision making should take place. For example the success of Pepsi-Cola in gaining market share while Coca Cola lost it and help to convince Goizueta that was needed. Whether a decision is programmed or none programmed and regardless of managers choice of the classical, administrative, or political model of decision making, a decision making process typically hasfive steps: 1) Idenitify the problem or opportunity 2) Develop alternative 3) Evaluate alternative 4) Choose and implement the best alternative 5) Evaluate the decision 2.1. Identify the problem or opportunity: according to Harold Leavitt, â€Å"a business leader must have thre major talents: problem solving and subsequent decision making, implementing and visionary and entreprenuel talents†. Some people view decisions making only as problem solving, however problems are best treated as opportunities. The first in the decision making process should be to look for alternatives before a decision is made. As known there is no one best decision method is exist. All problem should be treated as opportunities. Eventually, problems will make themselves  evident. All problem can be converted to opportunity. All existing problem can be corrected if managers face the problem as opportunity to progress. Managers confront a decision requirement in the form of either a problem or an opportunity. A problem occurs when organizational achievement notaccomplishment is less than establishment goals. An opportunity exists when m met as ecpectaion of an organization and exceed specified targets of an organizations. Identifying of a problem or opportunity is the first step in the decision sequence and requires survillance of the internal and external environment for issues that merit executive attention. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] Managers often search and evaluate the world around them to determine the progres of the organization .Some information comes from periodic financial reports, performance reports, and other sources that designed to discover problems before they become too serious. Managers also take advantage of informal sources. They talk to other managers, gather opinions on how things are going, and seek advice which problems should be talked. 2.2 Develop alternatives: A typical problem can be solved in various ways and method. Several alternatives is available before a decison is made. The choices that the decision maker has to decide are alternatives. A decision making process is utmost important and a feasible way to solve the a probleeThe only alternatives that really counts is the one judged best among those considered. At this point in the decision making process, however, it is important to consider all feasible ways by which the problem can be solved. Once the problem or opportunity has been recognised and analyzed, decision makers begin to consider m (opportunity). The next stage is to generate possible alternative solutions that will respond to the need of the situation and correct the underlying causes. One study found that limiting the search for alternatives is a primary csuse of decision failure in organizations. [Paul C. Nutt (1999)]. Decision alternatives can be though of as the tools for reducing the difference between the organizations current and  desired performance. Once a problem or opportunity has come to managers attention, the understanding of the situation should be refined. Diagnoses is the step in the decision making process in which managers analyzes underlying casual factors associated with the decision situation. Managers make a mistake here if they jump right into generating alternatives without first exploring the causes of the problem more deeply. [C. Kepner and B. Tregoe (1965)]. 2.3 Evaluate Alternatives: Almost all possible solutions there are advantages and disadvantages. But there maybe be only one solution for any existings problem (opportunity). It may also might not be the only best solutions for the problem (opportumity). Coca cola alienate to replace the old coke is part of an alternative decision. It is essential that managers realistically appraise arguments for or against a particular alternative. Sometimes an idea might sounds good initially, but taking time to weigh the pros and cons of alternatives usually pays off. There are number of ways evaluating alternatives. One way is to list yhe strength and weakness of the problem (opportunity). Total consideration should be given and to avoid on the strength and weakness and overall importance should be given to conclude the alternative. 2.4 Choose and implement the best alternative: an alternatives implentation is chosen once the decision of choice is established. The decision of choice is the selection of the most promising of several alternative course of action. In order to choose best alternative one has to achive the desired results using the resources.In order to make choices on managers personality factors and willlingness to accept risk and uncertainty. At this stage the use of managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to ensure that the chosen alternative is carried out. It also has a similirarity to the idea of strategic implementation. The ultimate success of the chosen alternative depends on the whether it can be translated into action. In the evaluation stage of the decision  process, decision makers gather information that tells them how well the decision was implemented and whether it was effective in achieving its goals. Feed back pertinent because decision making is a continous, never ending process. When an executive or board of directors votes yes or no then the decision making is not completed.The feed back provides decision makers with information that can assist to new decision cycle. What separate the succesful managers and less succesful ones is the ability to select the best course of action from several possible alternatives. The alternative offering the highest promise of attaining the objective, taking into consideration the ovearall situation, should be selected. It is an easy task but fear to make a wrong decision will make the managers to avoid making decision at all. In most organization the onus is on the managers to make decision as they are high salaried and they carry the task to make a sound decision. 2.5 Evaluate the decision: For completing a decision-making process one have to first expose to the realities of the business environment. An objective assessment required to turn the problem into opportunity and this implementation does not complete the decision making process. [R.Wayne et al (2005)] 3. Ethical Decision Making: Half of all decisions taken be managers not necessarily solev the problem after all. Most of the time they ignore ethical questions. High ethical and guideline standards needs to put into consideration before performing the management functions. When making unpopular decision such as layoffs, one has to be ethical by giving advance notice and assisting them to find a new job elsewhere or within the organization. Couple of test need to be taken to evaluate oneself, are we making the right decision or not. Firstly ask yourself, â€Å"Are there any legal restrictions or violations that will result from this action? If so, try other alternative course of action. Secondly â€Å"does it ciolate the company code of ehics?† If yes find a different path  to follow. Thirdly ask â€Å"does this mmet the guideline of my own ethical philosophy?† and if the answer is â€Å"yes†, then your decision must still pass two important test. [Gitman et al (2008) The feeling test: now you must ask, â€Å"How does it make me feel?† this will enable yourself to evaluate your comfort level in producing a particular decision. A sense of discomfort will seep in if you’ve make a wrong decision where one will loss of sleep or appetite and my go into depression. Front page of the newspaper test: the final test is the â€Å"front page of the newspaper† the question to be asked is how a critical and objective reporter would report your decision in a front page story. [Gitman et al (2008)] Decision relos: According to Mitzberg: the time managers spend obtaining and sharing information is not an end in itself. The time spent taking to and obtaining and sharing information with people inside and outside the company is useful to managers because it helps them make good decisions. According to Mitzberg, managers engange in four decisional sub roles: entreprenuer, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. [Chuck Milliams (2 005)] 4. Decision Making Models Decision making models: primary decisions making models: the rational model and the bounded rationality model. The rational (also called the classical model), the decisio maker attempts to use optimizing, selecting and best possible alternative. In bounded rationality model (also called the administrative that meet the minimal criteria. [Robert N. Lusssier (2006)]. Making better decisions: modern research shows that managers, who make the best decisions, don’t overanalyze by relying on rational decision making model, nor do they oversimplify by relying solely on their intuition. Instead, many managers utilize a concept refered to as â€Å"recognitional decision making†. Recognition decision making leads to quicker decisions than rational decision making because it integrates the use of memory in the context of a situation in order to develop an immediate feel for the current situation. [Chuck Williams (2005)] 4.1 Classical Model: the classical model of decision model of decision making is based on economic assumptions. This model has arisen within the management literature because managers are expected to make decsisions that are economically sensible and fit the organizations’ best economic interests. The four assumptions underlying this model are as follows: 1. The decision maker operates to accomplish goals that are known and sgreed on. Problems are precisely formulated and defined. 2. The decision maker strives for conditions of certainty, gathering complete information. All alternatives and the potential results of each are calculated. Assign 3. Criteris for evaluating alternatives are known. The decision maker selects the alternative that will maximize the economic return to the organization. 4. The decision maker is rational and uses logic to assign values, order preferences, evaluate alternatives, and make the decision that will maximize the attainment of organizational goals. The classical model of decision making is considered to be normative, which means it defines how a decision maker shouls make decisions. It does not describe how managers actually make decisions so much as it provides guidelines on how to reach an ideal outcome for the organization. 4.2 Rationality: It is frequently said that efective decision making must be rational. People acting and deciding rationality are attempting to reach some goals that can not be attain without action. They must have a clear understanding of alternatives coerces by which a goal can be reached under existing circumstances and limitations. They also must have information and the ability to analyze and evaluate in light of the goal sought. In many respects, the classical model represents an ideal model of decision making that is often un attainable by real people in real organizations. It is most valuable when applied to programmed decisions and to decisions characterized by certainty or risk, because relevant information is available and probabilities can be  calculated. [Richard L. Daft (2005)]. Programmed decisions are design based on the historical data to enable all levael of managers are able to make a decision base on the same situation problems all the time. As such it can be concluded as a set of policy serve as a guideline and also act as a SOP. A non programme are made to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured, and ahev impportant consequences for the organizations. The decision regarding a recall at Toyota is an example of a a non programmed decision. Another good example comes from the financial services industry. Decision to to acquire a company, build a new factory, develop a new product or service, enter a new geographical market, or relocate head quarters to another city are all non programmed decisions. 4.3 Bounded rationality: The administrative model is base on the work of Herbert A. Simon. Simon proposed two concepts that were instrumental in shaping the administrator model: bounded rationality and satisficing. There are limitations to the bounded rationality or boundaries. Organizations are incredibly complex and managers have the time and ability to process only a limitated amount of information with which to make decisions. Because managers do not have the time or cognitive ability to process complete information about complex decisions. Satisficing is a decision made at the first encounter of any situation. Minimal consideration given to consider any alternative. There is no time frame on how long this process will take place. It merely rely on assumptions. 1. Organization decision goals are often not clear, exist dispute and always have disagreement among the managers. 2. Rational method are not often popular amongst managers alike and only confirned to simplistic point of view and does not get the attention of of real organization events. 3. Managers searches for alternative sre kimited because of human, information, and resources constraints. 4. All the decision makers (managers), often prefer the satisficing rather than maximizing solution, partly because they have limited information and partly because they have only unclear for what  constitute a maximizing solution. 4.4 Administrative model: This model is description are charecterized by uncertainty and ambiguity. Most of the management decisions are normally programmeable to lend themselves to any degree of qualification. The decision maker (manager) are unable to decide and economical rational decision. None programmed decisions: are used for unstructured, novel, and ill-defined situations of a nonrecuring nature. Example is the developing of the four wheel drive passenger car by Audi. In fact strategic decision, in general, are none programmed decisions. Most decisions are neither completely programmed decisions. Most decisions are neither completely programmed nor programmed none programmed: they are a combination of both. [Heinz Weihrich et al (2005)]. The administration model of decision making is based on the work of Herbert Simon. Simon proposed two concepts that were instrumental in shaping the administrative model: bounded rationally and satisfying. According to the administrative model: Decision goals are often unclear and disputing in nature and lack of consensus among managers. Managers are often not able to see the problems (opportunity) that exists in the organization. Rational procedure are not often and when they are they are confined to a simplistic view of the problem that does not captiure the complexity of real organization view. 4.4.1. Intuition: another aspect of administrative decision making is intuition. Intuition represents a quick apprehension of a decision situation based on past experience but without conscious thought. [Weston. H, Agor (1986)]. Intuitive decision making is not arbitrary or irrational, because it is based on years of practice and hand-on experience that enable managers (decision makers) to quickly identify solutions without going through pain staking computations. 4.5 Political model: is the model of decision making is often used for making none programmed decisions when conditions are uncertain, information is limited and there is often disagreement among  managers about what goals to pursue or what course of sction to take. The political model closely resembles the real environment in which most managers and decision makers operate. Decisions are complex and invlolve many people, information is often ambigous, and disagreement and conflict over problems and solutions are normal. There are four basic assumptions of the political model. Organizations are made of groups with diverse interests, goals, and values. Information is ambigous and incomplete. Managers do not have the time, resources, or mental capacity to identify al dimension of the problem and process all relevant information. Managers engange in the push and pull of debate t decide goals and discuss alternatives. Decisions are the result of bargaining and discussion among coalitio n members. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] 4.6 The Kepner-Tregoe method: this model combines the oblective approach with some subjectivity. The subjectivity comes from determining â€Å"must† and â€Å"want† criteria and assigning weighted values to them. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. The Kepner-Tregoe method is a technique for comparing alternative using the criteria selected in steps 2 of the decision making model.[Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. 5. Individual Decision Making and Group Decision Making Problems in any organization occurs when they were conflict of agreement of certain issues, as such one must decide who should participate to find the solution. As refering to the current trend the management favors increased employe participation. Using to group to improve decision making: according to study reported in fortune magszine. 1 percent of U.S. companies use teams and group to solve specific problem. Individuals who are highly defensive in this manner show significantly greater left prefrontal cortex activiry as measured by EEG than do less defensive individuals. ]Blackhart, G. C., & j. P. (2995)] Group decision making is critically important to meet the current fast moving organozations trends. The informal or formal group exist to reach a consensus and to  discuss a particular problem by creating a short list of acceptable alternatives or deciding on criteria for accepting an alternative. They are known as a support system and supported by electronically to support this system. [Turban, et al (2008)]. Group method invlove in decision making: It always discussed that it only involve a single manager to make a certain organization decision. This individual is responsible for the outcome of decisions under their control. Effective decisions generally combine high quality with acceptance by those affected by the decision. Group bring different resources to the decision making task. [R. Wayne et al (1993)] 5.1 Potential advantages of group decision making: The group has an advantage to make a sound decision on complex issues in comparison the individuals in a organization. Special in case of significant none programmed decision and conditions of risk or uncertainty. – More information, alternatives, creativity and innovation: Generally a group of people contains more information than an individual. Than they can more creatine and innovative. They usually have options and alternative to apply before an effective decision is agreed upon. – Greater communication to the decision: The people engange in the decision making process have greater options in increased communication to implementing the decision. And improved participation in problem solving and decision making is rewarding and personally satisfying to the people and will improve morale and motivitation. – Training. Allowing participation in decision making trains people to work in groups by developing group process skills. 5.2 Potential disadvantages of group decision making: – Wasted time – Satisficing – Domination and goal displacement: A certain sub group may dominate the group decision. Disagreement occurs when there were no 100 percent agreement from overall decision making process rather than pursuing goal of finding the best solution. – Conformity  and group thinking: Inferior feeling and disagreement might crept in before a certain agreement takes precident and the end result will be a conflict. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. For creating, creative alternative solutions in groups decision making there are five popular techniques: Brainstorming Synectics Nominal grouping Consensus mapping Delphi technique Brainstoming is the process of suggesting many possible alternatives without alternatives. Synectics is the process of generating novel alternative through role playing and fantasizing. Nominal grouping is the proces of generating of generating and evaluating alternatives using a structured voting method. This proces usually invloves six steps: listing, recording, clarification, ranking, discussion and voting. Consensus mapping is the process of developing group agreement on a solution to a prblem. The Delphi technique involves using a series of confidential questionnaires to refine a solution. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)] 5.3 Personal decision making: Imagine you were a manager at, GM, a local movie theater or the public library. How would you go about making important decisions that might shape the future of your department or company? As we are aware that there is number of factors may effect how a managers make efevtive decisions. For example the decisions may be programmed or non programmed, situations are charactirized by various level of uncertainty, and managers may use the classical, administrative, or political model of decision making. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] 6.0 Innovative Group Decision Making: The critical skill the managers possess to make a high quality decisions is an essential as they have to make majority of decision on their own. Is it practical for the managers make this  decision?No. The rapid face of the business enviromnment calls for just the opposite i.e, for people throughout the organization to be invloved in decision making and have the information, skills, and freedom they need to respond immediately to prblems and questions. Managers bdo make some decisions as individuals, but decisions makers more often are part of a group. Indeed majoir decisions in the byusiness world rarely are made entorely by a single manager. 6.1 Brainstorming is a method a group of people and discuss spontaneously wide range of ideas and policies before decision making. The efective brainstorming are people can be bulid on one anothers idea: number of ideas will be fielded and they will come to an consensus after wide range of ideas is discussed. It also have some drawbacks as there maybe making decision to please the superior or to impress colleagues. Studies found that when four people are asked to â€Å"brainstorm† individually. They typically come up with twice as many ideas as a group of four brainstoming. 6.2 Rigorous debate an efective decision maker (manager) always encourage a rigorous debate of a certain issues. It also recognize that constructive conflict based on divergenr points of view bring a problem into focus, clarify people’s ideas, stimulate creative thinking. Chuck Knight, the former CEO of Emerson Electric, always sparked debate during strategic planning meetings. Knight believed rigorous debate gave people a clearer picture of the competitive landscape and forced managers to look at all sides of an issue, helping them reach better decisions. 6.3 Groupthink pressures for conformity exist in almost any group, and particularly when people in a group like one another they tend to avoid anything that might create disharmony. It has tendency to surpress contrary opinions. When the group thinking mode is activated, maintaining unity will be given priority ather than realistically challenging problems and alternatives. People censur their personal opinion and reluctant to criticize the opinion of others. 6.4 Bailout in the fast paced environment managers are risk takers and learniong from  mistakes. Theyy also not hesitant to pull the plug when something not working. According to researches managers and organizations often continue to invest time and money in a solution despite strong evidence that is not appropriate. This move is knwons as escalating commitment. Managers might take initiative m to simply block or distort negative information because they do not want to be responsible to make a wrong decision. Conclusion The decision making in organizations invloves number of thories and easy to understand. The economic academician has derived methods to assist the decision makers (managers) to derive a good decision in order to avoid making bad decisions. It is very difficult to make good decisions without valid relevant information. It involves choosing between a wider process in problem solving. It can be through either an intuitive or seasoned process, or a combination of the two. There are number of stages to any structured decision making. For important decisions it is woryth always keeping a record of the steps you followed to make the decision. That way, if you n are ever critisized for making a bad decision, you can justify your thoughts based on the information and process you used at the time. Furthermore by keeping a record and enganging with the decision making process, you will be strengthening your under standing of how it works. This can make future decisions more easier for managers. References. 1. James Reason (1990). Human Error.Ashgate. ISBN 1840141042. 2. Daniel Kahneman, Amos Trversky (20000. Choice, Values, Frames. The Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521621720 3. Isabel Briggs Myers|Myers, l (1962) Introduction to type: A description of the theory and applications of the Myers-Briggs type indicator, Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto Ca., (1962) 4. Martinsons, Maris G., Comparing the Decision Styles of American, Chinese and Japanese Business Leaders. Best Paper Proceedings of Academy of Management Meetings, Washington, DC, August (2001) [1] 5. Blackhart, G. C.., & Kline, J.P. (2005). Individual differences in anterior EEG asymmetry between high and low defensive individuals during a rumination/distraction task. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 427-437. 6. Drake, R.A. (1993). Processing persuasive arguments: 2. Discounting of truth and relevance as a function of agreement and manipulated activation asymmetry. Journal of Research in Personality, 27, 184-196. 7. Chua, E. F., Rand-Givanetti, E., Schcter, D. L., Albert, M., & Sperling, R.A. (2004). Dissociating confidence and accuracy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows origins of the subjective memory experience. Journal of Cognetive Neuriscince, 1 6, 1131-1142. 8. Selected Topics in Indeteministic System Intersystems Publications: California, (1989), p. 21 9. Richard L. Daft. New Era Of Management 10th edition, Thomson, (2005), pp 237-258. 10. Heinz Weirich and Harold Koontz. Management: A Global Perpective. 11th edition. McGrow Hill, (2005): pp144 11. R. Wayne Mondy and Shane R. Premenua. Management, Concepts, Practices, and Skills. 6th edition, Allyn and Bacon. (1993):pp116,123,128 12. Robert N. Lussier, Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skills development, Thomson, (2005): pp 115-118,123-126,134,168. 12 13. S. Harper, Timing the bedrock of anticipatory management, business horizons, (2000):p75 14. Herbert. A Simon, The new science of management decision, harper and bow, (1960):pp5-6 15. Weston. H, Agor, the logistic of intuition: how top executives make important decisions, organizational dynamics, 14, (1986), pp5-18 16. Herbert A. Simon, Making management decisions: the role of intuition and emotion academy of management executive, (1987):pp57-64 17. James. G. March and Herbert A. Simon, Organization, wiley (1958):pp22 18. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/decision-making.htmldecisionmaking 19. http://www.mftrou.com/decision-making-tool.htm.

Pediatric Asthma Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pediatric Asthma Management - Assignment Example Physical examination will be carried out to check on the general appearance, hydration, respiratory and mental status. Physical examination of the 12 y/o patient will comprise of percussion, inspection, and auscultation. Under inspection, the nurse or health professional will observe the patient’s general color and appearance. There is a possibility of cyanosis during mild exacerbations where the patient’s color may remain pink. In the presence of asthma, an audible wheeze will be felt. For a severe case, the patient may have a barrel chest and manifestation of mildly enlarging work of breathing (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In auscultation and percussion, an exhaustive examination of the lung fields is performed. The presence of wheezing signify airway obstruction, which can be different in the lung fields. Also, the patient will be checked for the existence of coarseness. Additionally, the adequacy of aeration will be assessed. In the event the airways are severely obstructed, the movement of air becomes poor that the wheezes may not be felt during auscultation. It is worth to note that percussion may produce hyper resonance (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). It is critical to perform some diagnostic tests to determine the severity of asthma. According to ATS Clinical Practice Guidelines, FENO is employed to underpin the diagnosis of asthma. Likewise, FENO utilized to determine eosinophilic airway swelling, direct dose titration of anti-inflammatory drugs, and forecast asthma relapse. Moreover, FENO can be used to assess adherence to anti-inflammatory drugs, predict asthma exacerbation and evaluate the possible reaction to anti-inflammatory medications (Davis, Eber & Koumbourlis, 2015). Another vital test is pulmonary function test that is a peak expiratory flow rate that uses a hand-held peak flow meter. The test will be done to examine initial and post-treatment airway obstruction in the 12 y/o

International Project-Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Project-Brazil - Essay Example There has been large variations and inequalities in income in the recent past owing to inflation, but have overcome these economic complexities. It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world with GDP growth of 5%. The Brazil economy ranks the eighth largest economy in terms of nominal GDP and ninth largest in terms of purchasing power. The service industry is the largest contributor of GDP at 66% which is followed by the industry and agriculture sectors. Brazil has the 2nd biggest industrial sector in the Americas having diverse industries such as automobiles, steel, consumer products, computers to aircrafts. The Brazilian government has also introduced many programs to accelerate the growth and development of the economy. (Economy of Brazil, n.d) Brazil has developed drastically in the recent past in agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service related sectors. It is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The growth cycle in Brazil has been con sistent and ongoing since 1970. Given below the per GDP average from 1981-2008. The legal system in Brazil is based on codes and legislation which are controlled at the federal, municipal and state level which are based on Roman- Germanic traditions. Municipalities and federal districts have laws which do not contradict the federal constitution. The legal system is based on the civil law tradition and the country is ruled by the federal constitution. The highest court in Brazil is the supreme tribunal. There are a specialized court for military and labor and the usually the jurisdictions are handled and administered by judiciary entities. Brazil is a federal district and federal republic with 26 states. It is made of Executive, legislative and judicial branches and usually the president of the country can hold up the position for 4 consecutive years and can have his own cabinet ministers. The current

Tort Law Essay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tort Law Essay - Case Study Example It is also necessary for the individual to show that they have suffered damages. The first and critical argument put forward by DURU is that, under the English negligence law, they did not owe a duty of care to Russell. This brings into question the first element of the tort of negligence in that there must be a duty of care before any claim of negligence can be substantiated. The initial notion of duty of care was established in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson1, where it was found that a duty of care should exist, based on the neighbour principle. In this case, a decomposed snail was found in the drinks bottle of the claimant, but there was an argument as to whether or not the manufacturer should be seen as liable, as the claimant had not themselves purchased the bottle. It was found, in this case, that they could be deemed to be negligent and that the claimant would have a claim based on the principle that a duty of care existed to their 'neighbour'. A more modern approach has now been taken by Caparo v Dickman2, where a threefold test was established and it would be this test that DURU would be required to use in forwarding their first defence. In accordance with this case, a threefold test must be passed in order for a duty of care to be established. Therefore, if DURU could show that these are not met, they would rightly be able to rely on the defence that no duty of care existed. The threefold test is as follows: The harm suffered must be deemed 'reasonably foreseeable' as a result of the way in which DURU conducted itself; that there must be a relationship of sufficient proximity between DURU and Russell; and finally that it is 'fair, just and reasonable' for the duty to be imposed on DURU. The test of proximity remains reliant on the test laid out in Donaghue v Stevenson and as stated by Lord Atkin as part of this case. Lord Atkin stated that a duty should be owed to 'persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected'. Other queries have been raised in terms of whether or not it would be reasonable to expect DURU to take some responsibility for the death of Russell. Based on the 2009 Act, DURU has assumed responsibility to provide one to one care in a structured manner to those suffering from drug addiction. In signing Russell up as a patient, a relationship has been established. There is a general concept that there is no positive duty on everyone to undertake certain actions; however, due to the statutory powers given to DURU and the subsequent decision to take Russell on as a client, it is likely to be deemed that a duty of care exists towards Russell, and, for that matter, any other patient taken on by DURU3. Furthermore, the courts are likely to take public policy and interest into account when deciding whether or not a sufficient proximity exists. Based on the underlying reasons for the establishment of DURU and the fact that the organisation has been establis

Critical review of John Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Essay

Critical review of John Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power - Essay Example Summary: Mearsheimer started the book with a focus on the offensive realistic theory that fundamentally emphasizes that the international political scenario is considerably anarchic. Different nations have developed a fear against one another in their race of power and autonomy. Mearsheimer asserts that all countries are basically striving hard to become a hegemon for the simple reason that they feel that this would make them secure. All the national and international activities of states revolve around one solid aim i.e. to achieve more and more control and power over the world and its resources as compared to others in the competition. All countries are included in the competition of security. Military capabilities of a nation play a decisive role in determining its power, status and global image. If a nation wants to enhance its strength, one thing that it needs to focus on and improve is its army. It is the army that enables a nation to win battles. Land power is essential in ord er to attain all other forms of power. Latent power that covers the financial strength, economic stability, population, literacy rate and high intellect is secondary to the actual power, though the former is extremely important to generate the latter. There are several nations that are currently accoutered with nuclear power, yet very few to none of them actually plan to ever use that power. Their disinclination towards the use of their nuclear power is a clear indication of the fact that land power is indeed, the fundamental sign of power. In fact, the same disinclination towards using nuclear power displayed by the nuclear powers of the contemporary age is in itself a cause of stability among individual nations. Offensive realism fundamentally revolves around the conception that great powers tend to look out for chances to overpower their adversaries and their ultimate goal is hegemony. This is opposite to the ideology of defensive realism that encourages the states to take necess ary measures so as to ensure their safety and security. In such an ideology, the ultimate motif is not power, and hence the international relations are not as prone to conflicts as they are in the case of offensive realism. Mearsheimer believes that no state is intrinsically arrogant or aggressive. Indeed, aggression is an artificially acquired characteristic that is deemed important to survive in an uncertain global environment, altering power distribution and inadequate military support. Mearsheimer has not just made statements about offensive realism, he has actually tested and justified it in his book. In order to validate the offensive realism, Mearsheimer has emphasized that in order to survive through the time as a nation, it is imperative that people choose leaders because they struggle to make a nation strong and powerful. He has testified his own claim with clear emphasis on cases from the history. Mearsheimer has achieved this by analyzing matters with respect to several questions. He has checked if there was a direct relation between a nation’s power and aggression in its international interactions. He has judged the factors that determine a nation’s response to the aggression it is offered by external agencies. He has also studied the variation in the functionality and tendency of bipolar and multipolar

The role of advertising in the success of the company Assignment

The role of advertising in the success of the company - Assignment Example This "The role of advertising in the success of the company" essay outlines four various print messages of famous companies and analyze their marketing strategies and their success. Tide is a detergent manufactured by Procter and Gamble. The product takes pride of its reputation as one of the leading brands due to its capability of removing tough stains. Tide is a premium product taking care of the cleanliness and purity of clothes. Instead of focusing on the industrializing India, the advertisers chose to utilize the image of the traditional India and its connection with the laundry detergent. The Ganges River and the Taj Mahal are two important places in the Indian culture. It should also be noted these significant places became major attractions to tourists worldwide. The Ganges River and Taj Mahal is directly associated with purity to Indians according to their religious beliefs. Thus, the communication objective of this advertisement is to make Tide as the detergent which can cl eanse and purify stained clothing the same as how Ganges River purifies the soul and how Taj Mahal portrays pure, unblemished love. This advertisement appears on the magazine Good Housekeeping. This channel is rational because it is most read by housewives who can be more interested on how their household tasks can be made easier by various products. Thus, Procter and Gamble opted to advertise Tide in order to capture this target market. The advertisement shows no definite source but the message is clear—Tide is superior in eliminating stains and whitening fabrics.... This advertisement appears on the magazine Good Housekeeping. This channel is rational because it is most read by housewives who can be more interested on how their household tasks can be made easier by various products. Thus, Procter and Gamble opted to advertise Tide in order to capture this target market. The advertisement shows no definite source but the message is clear-Tide is superior in eliminating stains and whitening fabrics. The execution of the advertisement is really profound and mystifying. It should be noted that an ordinary individual which has no knowledge on Ganges River and Taj Mahal will be unable to understand what the Tide advertisement is all about. Chanel This simple ad features a blown up image of the beautiful and captivating Eugenia Volodina wearing the new sparkling glasses of Chanel which exudes sophistication and elegance. The advertisement's objective is to inform customers of Chanel's new offerings as well as persuade them to purchase the new product. From its establishment in the early 1910s, Chanel has become an icon of elegance with the brand being synonymous to elegance, wealth, and elitism. Chanel became the ultimate sign of high French class, catering to the needs of elite women. The global popularity of the brand has now made it a top choice for elegant women with very high purchasing power. Thus, the appearance of the ad in Vogue which is recognized as one of the most influential force in shaping fashion and culture is warranted by Chanel's quest of capturing the elite niche. It should be noted that Vogue caters to the same intellectually sophisticated and fashionable females that Chanel are also targeting. The advertisement conveys numerous messages. First, Chanel sunglasses are

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Psychology - Essay Example However, it is important to identify that at its root, the idea of constructing â€Å"the self† of the individual has roots in many other domains of knowledge (Danziger, 1997). As stated previously, the first thoughts of the idea of the self originated from that of philosophy and religion. The self was often described as the â€Å"soul† or consciousness of the individual. It was supposed to be something that could be observed. Locke was one of the first to develop this issue due to the high rates of development and increase in society. He had to make a distinguishing factor between the external self and the self-consciousness. As time progressed, ideas of the self began to change in develop. Cooley addressed this as a mirror principle in that the reaction to others is based on a mirror principle, which involves both internal and external judgment (Cooley, 1902). One of the key events in the development of the self in social psychology was through the humanist, Carol Rog ers. He postulated that the self constituted two components: the real and ideal selves. The real self was the true essence of who the individual is and the ideal self is what the person projects onto the world as a desire to be. The disunity in the real and ideal self is what causes the neuroticism and anxiety in the individual. The neuroticism can only go away once the real self and ideal self become integrated with one another. Being an American psychologist, he took the forefront in the development in this field of psychology, but moved the emphasis from awareness of self to the emotions and motivations, which play a part in the development of the self, both internally and externally. This represents the constructivist philosophy behind the social aspects in the influence in the psychology of the self. Another component of the self to observe is based on phenomenology, which goes into how does a person experience and interpret the external world. There are two aspects, which brin g these together: ‘being-in-the-world’ and ‘lifeworld’. These aspects argue that rather a considering the individual as a separate from the environment, it addresses it as a system of two identities in which the experiences taken from the environment shape the individual, which is a phenomenological effect. Edmund Husserl gave three criteria, which are used in describing the phenomenology of the self in society. The first step is to suspend expectations of the experience. The second step is to stay with the experiences, versus deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing. Lastly, the third step is in regards to treating everything equally. Again, as with Carol Rogers and humanism, the existential psychologists took up the task of providing constructs for phenomenology. The main characteristics where that each person is unique in that we all process situations differently, being actively engaged in the experience and having the freedom to choose as well as bei ng in the present moment. Psychoanalytic psychology, focused heavily on the development of the self. Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud pioneered in this field. He focused highly on the construction of the self; he was primarily focused on the consciousness. He often described the consciousness in reference to an iceberg. The largest portion of our self, the unconscious, is located in the recesses of our mind and we are often unaware of it, even

Summerize Law and Ethics in theraputic radiology Chapter 13 ( order#2) Essay

Summerize Law and Ethics in theraputic radiology Chapter 13 ( order#2) - Essay Example Other legislative acts protecting federal employees include the Civil Service Reform Act, the Whistleblower Protection Act, and the Department of Defense Authorization Act. However, there are also federal protections for private sector employees, such as the Energy Reorganization Act, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (well-known as OSHA), and retaliation protection under various non-discrimination statutes. 24 states also have their own protections for whistleblowers. Common law protection for whistleblowers in the courts falls under the system for fighting wrongful termination. These are the same laws that protect, for example, workers who seek compensation for work-related injuries. In order to be covered under these protections, the employee must have been fired for either asking for something to which they were legally entitled or for refusing to perform a job duty that was illegal. Whistleblowers generally fall under the second category. These protections exist in most but not all states; in some states, these are not recognized as exceptions to the at-will employment

Tuvan Throat Singing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuvan Throat Singing - Essay Example Tuvan throat singing is done by individuals to mimic the sounds of nature, rivers and animals. One of the most important ways Tuvans could connect with nature was through music. Traditionally Tuvan music leaves open spaces in which nature can come in and add itself to the conversations. Shamans traditionally used music to call upon spirits, ancestors and connect with natural surrounds. Shepherds used music to call their herds and imitate galloping horses. Certain songs were performed for enjoyment and other music created while working. Tuvan singing, also known as Overtone or "throat" singing is unique to this region of Tuva and Mongolia. Simply put it is the harmonized sounds that they are able to produce from deep within their throats. Tuvan singers simultaneously use two or even three voices extracted from one singer. Overtone singing uses low, suspended grumbles with guttural timbre colouring coupled with its upper overtones that sound like high-pitched whistles. These overtones are caught and amplified by the head resonator. In some cases a special additional sub sound joins the lower sound producing the effect of solo three-voice singing. These diaphonics, emitting two or more overtones together, are used to evoke spirits or imitate sounds found in nature. There exist a number of Tuvan overtone-singing styles. ... The styles differ by pitch and timbre. Each style has its own distinctive expressive properties. Khoomei means all throat-singing and encompasses all styles. It can refer to the pressure one feels when throat-singing and also to chest resonance. This is not apparent when listening to recordings but only obvious when listening in person. Not only is khoomei a generic name but it is also a particular style. It is a soft-sounding style, with clear and diffused-sounding harmonics. The timbres are slightly muffled and there are two or more notes clearly audible. Kargyraa is a style the features intense croaking tones, very rich in harmonics. They are usually performed low in the singer's range. There are two major styles of Kargyraa, mountain (dag) and Steppe (xovu). Kargyraa is unique in that nothing feels like singing it. The description used is "a mouthful of sound". This style uses dual sound sources, using both the vocal and ventricular folds in the larynx. This style is the one Tuvan style that is most closely linked to vowel sounds. The mouth varies from a nearly closed "O" to an open one. However unlike most other singing there is no correlation between the vowel and the pitch. Mountain kargyraa is usually lower in pitch than Steppe. It can often include nasal effects. It features a strong low-chest resonance and not a lot of throat tension. Steppe Kangyraa is the opposite and features more throat tension and less chest resonance. It is usually sung at higher pitches and has a raspier sound. Sygyt is the highest and brightest style which uses the highest register of the voice. This can be used to perform complex and distinct melodies, with a tone similar to a flute. The flute or shoor was originally played by the shaman to attract spirits for

International Business Mnc Essay Example for Free

International Business Mnc Essay Introduction Multi National Corporation engages in domestic and foreign product development. Sometimes the host country has a product (labor, ingredient, part, etc) that is rare or less costly than producing it in the home country; therefore establishing a Multinational Corporation is a win-win for the host country as far as supply, demand, labor and cost. Many corporations currently engage in Multinational Enterprise and are successful in their efforts. Having businesses that are active in MNC truly creates a global business community where mutual interests and product development are core to the needs of the customer, business and boost foreign economies with jobs, businesses and exporting goods. Country Economic system Political environment Legal environment Technological China Mixed economy Socialism Complex regulations Japan Mixed economy Capitalism Complexity France Mixed economy Capitalist/Socialist Complexity Ethical system Social responsibility indicators Cultural dimension Confucianism Laws regulations Collectivism Laws regulations Collectivism Laws regulations Collectivism Product, Business Plan and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Acai berry is native to Central and South America and the plant is a great anti-oxidant that can be used for several purposes. My company, Natural Beauty, has partnered with Acai palm tree companies in Belize to provide the product and have manufacturing warehouses located in Belize. This foreign direct investment offers a win-win situation for all of the companies involved. We have chosen the downstream vertical FDI as a means to partner with Acai palm tree farms and companies in Belize. The home country is the U. S. and although the product is not sold in Belize however it is distributed in other countries such as the United States, Brazil, France, England, China, Japan, and Qatar. There are multiple advantages of an FDI as show in the ownership, location, and internalization (OLI) framework (Peng, 2011). Understanding the framework I understand that ownership allows for possession and leveraging of resources, value and other added components to allow a competitive market. The Location component ensures that we are close to our main ingredient with the product, that we are able to have labor, ingredients and manufacturing at the lowest cost available while providing a boost to the host countries local economy and creating global competition. We are in several countries which provide internalization and we have intellectual property rights over all of our products, processes and business plan. We protect our businesses by knowing our dissemination risks and safeguarding against them as much as possible. Since we know our dissemination risks we are able to safeguard against direct competitors that may branch out from local distributors. We also are aware of market imperfections and do our best through our international legal team to stay abreast of international trade, business and government regulations. We also have safeguards against agglomeration due to the international craze over the Acai berry, plant and trees. We do this through our contract clauses which state other companies cannot be located within a certain distance, city, or space as ours in host countries. Natural Beauty, Inc. understands the intricacies of business and politics, especially within an international structure. We are in no way operating as a monopoly or radical imperialist (Peng, 2011) business. We believe in free market and working with our host country partners to ensure that each of them are maximizing their capacity and invested in the good and services provided by our joint venture. It is important that the FDIs benefits outweigh the costs and it is truly a win-win for all parties involved. Cost and Benefits of FDI As we can only imagine, there are benefits and costs to both the host and the home countries involved in Multinational Corporation. The benefits for Belize are the capital inflow, technology, management and job creation. The other countries of distribution have the same benefits that boost local knowledge, economy and globalization. The costs for the host countries are loss of sovereignty, capital outflow, and competition. The largest benefit is creation of jobs and expanded knowledge. The largest cost is loss of sovereignty. The benefits for the host countries must outweigh the costs and only the local governments and direct companies involved can project overtime which is more beneficial for them. The benefits for the Natural Beauty in the U.S. are earnings, exports, and learning from abroad whereas the costs are capital outflow and job loss. The latter can be quite devastating if the proper precautions and business plans are not in place in addition to being aware of local/international politics. However job loss here means possible savings in salary/wages in other host countries where the earning are not as high which saves the company money. The largest benefits are earnings and learning from abroad. The largest cost is job loss and the political climate around American companies that take their businesses abroad (remember NAFTA). Another threat is that local business can learn your process and then become your largest competitor and they have the â€Å"home field† advantage. This is known as the contagion effect (Peng, 2011). We recognize that FDIs can be complex and must be mutually beneficial for all parties involved and therefore we make a conscientious effort to recognize the need for location advantages, licensing and outsourcing knowledge/expertise and understanding of constraints (political and business in order to be successful). Future of MNC The future of Multinational Enterprise is contingent upon true understanding of global communities and global business. Understanding that free market, consciousness and international trade laws will dictate most of the business efforts and establishments. Many companies are already engaging in MNC successfully (BMW, Coca Cola, etc) and those interested in exploring this option should create several case studies looking at the successful and not so successful efforts in this realm to learn from them. I think that host MNC countries participating in FDI should be careful not to lose their power and prestige in the name of partnering for monetary gain. It is easy for smaller less powerful countries to get lost in the MNC FDI advantage for the sake of job creation and boosting local economy; however not at the cost of their culture, citizens and green space (for those working with rainforest communities or those with precious agriculture). The future of MNC can be bright when all partie s involved are up front and conscious about maintaining and win-win business. References Peng, M., (2011). Global. 1st Edition; Mason, OH, Cengage Learning www.alibaba.com//CN/technological-environment.html Luthans, F., Doh, J. P. (2012). International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Raising Attainment for Learning Difficulty Pupils

Raising Attainment for Learning Difficulty Pupils Discuss the key components of an  effective strategy for raising the  attainment of pupils with learning difficulties. Introduction The aspect of pupils with learning difficulties can take on many differing forms. From difficulty in communicating thoughts and ideas as well as a lack of verbal skills to not â€Å"†¦ being able to concentrate †¦Ã¢â‚¬  long enough to convert that thought into communication with others (NASA Occupational Health, 2006). There are varied forms of learning difficulties, ranging from problems in using language, math, and general understanding as well as the previously mentioned understanding and communication aspects (NASA Occupational Health, 2006). The identification of pupils with learning difficulties represents an area that parents as well as teachers need to be cognizant of, with early identification representing the more favorable approach to intervention (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 1). The preceding types of learning difficulties are termed â€Å"†¦ dyslexia, dysphasia, the attention deficit disorders (ADD), with the added hyperactivity (ADHD), Asperserâ₠¬â„¢s syndrome, specific language impairment (SLI), and the Scandinavian-named DAMP (deficit in attention, motor control and perception) (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 1). The United Kingdom’s Department for Education and Skills (2007) states that an â€Å"Initial and diagnostic assessment †¦Ã¢â‚¬  represents the â€Å"†¦ starting point, or baseline, for learning†. The identification of pupils with learning difficulties â€Å"†¦ can be subtle, multiple and difficult to pinpoint †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Learning Disabilities Association of America, 2007). Keen (2001) advised that as a result of enhanced identification methods and understandings there has been an 80 percent increase in children identified with having a difficulty that hinders learning. The increased number of students identified with learning difficulties has stretched the demand on â€Å"†¦ physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychologists †¦Ã¢â‚¬  to the point where in the United Kingdom they cannot cope, stretching waiting times and referrals to a unacceptable levels (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 1). Thus, â€Å"†¦ teachers are bei ng urged to make a comprehensive assessment of children’s difficulties †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and utilize strategies and learning materials and techniques to cope with pupils having this problem. This paper shall seek to identify the key components of an effective strategy for raising the attainment of pupils with learning difficulties. Learning Difficulties The context of learning disabilities can be dealt with either in special situation schools or mainstream educational facilities. As this examination indicates the effective components of an effective strategy to achieve a heightened level of attainment for pupils with learning disabilities, the strategy aspect identifies that the context is in mainstream educational facilities. One of the key facets of pupils with learning difficulties is that they require additional attention as well as monitoring of progress that is outside of the normative procedures for students not so affected (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 88). In the United Kingdom under the government initiative titled â€Å"Every Child Matters† (National Literacy Trust, 2007a) such has provided the framework for the development of a special agenda â€Å"Barriers to Achievement – Special Educational Needs† which sets forth the vision of the government to provide pupils with special needs â€Å"†¦ the opportunity to succeed† (National Literacy Trust, 2007b). The preceding also falls under ‘Special Educational Needs (SEN)’ provides â€Å"†¦ that schools and local authorities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  adopt practices that avoids â€Å"†¦ the need for schools to write and review Individual Education Plans† which is accompanied by guidance materials termed ‘The Disability Equality Duty’ (Teachernet, 2007a). The preceding guidance sets forth for schools, and their local authorities, â€Å"†¦ to take a more proactive approach to promoting disability equality †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which includes learning difficulties, to develop their own individual schemes â€Å"†¦ through a staged approach â€Å", and to â€Å"†¦ provide training and development activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Teachernet (2007b). Central to the proceeding, and one of the cornerstones of the strategy for raising the attainment of pupils with learning difficulties is ‘inclusion’ (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 88). As the word, inclusion, within this context means differing things to different groups, authorities and agencies it is defined as â€Å"†¦ the process of increasing the participation of learners within and reducing their exclusion from, the mainstream curricula and communities† (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 88). This component of inclusion has become a significant component of the UK’s national educational framework, which also endorses â€Å"†¦ greater flexibility in planning a curriculum suited to the needs of those with learning difficulties† (Kelly and Norwich, 2004, p. 42). They continue that ‘inclusion’ â€Å"†¦ provides frameworks and materials to support schools in curriculum development †¦ (and that) †¦ it is aimed at a very diverse group of children and young people ranging from profound and multiple learning difficulties, through severe to moderate learning difficulties† (Kelly and Norwich, 2004, p. 42). The Qualification and Curriculum Authority (2001, p. 4) states that the guidelines represent support for â€Å"†¦ the planning, development and implementation of the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties†. The guidelines represent a foundation that schools can utilize with their own materials along with the National Curriculum in conformity with the â€Å"†¦ statutory entitlement †¦Ã¢â‚¬  for learning for all students, and to â€Å"†¦ build on the principles of inclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are set forth under the National Curriculum (The Qualification and Curriculum Authority, 2001, p. 4). Furthermore, the guidelines represent a means via which to aid schools in this process through the setting of â€Å"†¦ suitable learning challenges†, â€Å"†¦ responding to pupil’s diverse learning needs† and via the inclusion of â€Å"†¦ all learners by overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment† (Th e Qualification and Curriculum Authority, 2001, p. 4). The scheme also attempts to â€Å"†¦ integrate aspects of †¦ the full range of National Curriculum subjects †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as setting â€Å"†¦ the foundation stage for the early years of education †¦ preparation for adult life †¦ key skills framework †¦ thinking skills †¦ (and) †¦ personal priority needs in terms of therapies† (Kelly and Norwich, 2004, pp. 42-43). Lewis and Norwich (2000, pp. 6-8) state that even with the positive step in the direction of national inclusion and guidelines, their review found that there â€Å"†¦ has been no serious attempt to develop a curriculum or pedagogy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , which is defined in this context as â€Å" †¦ the cluster of decisions and actions that aim to promote school learning (Lewis and Norwich, 2000, p. 7). The foregoing review set about to determine if â€Å"†¦ there were specific or district kinds of pedagogy for the different areas of learning difficulties† Kelly and Norwich, 2004, p. 43). Said examination was conducted under the assumption that there are three broad types of pedagogy needs that can be identified â€Å"†¦ needs common to all, needs specific to a defined group and needs unique to individuals† Kelly and Norwich, 2004, p. 43). The importance of the preceding is that there are distinct teaching differences and methodologies associated with the teaching of differing subject matter as well as the specific learning difficulties involved. Mastopieri et al (1997, pp. 199-211) found that in a study of pupils with learning difficulties that they did not respond as well as to science teaching that was based upon the use of inductive reasoning that represented a particular learning difficulty separate from those associated with low attainers or severe learning difficulties. Wishart (1993, pp. 380-403) stated that the preceding needs to explore the aspect for what he termed as differential teaching strategies that include error free versus trial and error learning, the use of visual as opposed to auditory presentations to aid in retention and comprehension, a consolidation of learning techniques and the monitoring of behaviours in off task routines. Bernstein (2002), in espouses that learning difficulties tend to appear when pupils â€Å"†¦ hit a brick wall they cannot climb with their particular set of competencies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and in her belief, the preceding represents that a learning difficulty is connected with the failure to adapt to the learning environment. The preceding is an important observation in that children develop competencies at differing rates, thus schools need to consider the changes that could be made to the curriculum as well as the learning environment to provide more successful learning experiences (Bernstein, 2002). This tailoring of curriculum and learning environment with needs, in her view, represents matching the learning tasks to the learning needs as opposed to expectations that are pre-set (Bernstein, 2002). The preceding means that curriculums should represent flexible as well as responsive vehicles that aid pupils in attaining their maximum potentials, through understanding and recognizing diversity as part of the inclusion process. The Scottish Consultative Council on the Curriculum (2007) advises that differentiation represents an attitude as well as approach and structure which makes flexibility possible and that through the modification of teaching pace th at content level can thus be adapted to meet and suit the needs of particular students. Thus, in utilizing the ‘inclusion’ methodology it means that a reconsideration of the approach to teaching is thus required as well. Deponio and Macintyre (2003, p. 89) state that teachers must resist teaching to pupils in the manner in that they learn as â€Å"†¦ this may not suit the learning styles of children with specific learning difficulties†. Madsen and Olson (2005) endorse the preceding viewpoint in stating that the understanding of â€Å"†¦ how people learn is the foundation of informed teaching †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Loucks-Horsley et al (1998, p. 32) advise that teachers in observing student behaviors as well as their records thus need to â€Å"†¦ apply knowledge about students, content, the curriculum, instruction, assessment, and the school and local communities†. Johnson (1993, pp. 507-535) refers to the preceding as representing a cognitively demanding act and thus newer teachers have a tendency to rely on fewer clues from which to make and base their decisions. Thus theory as well as experience and practical applications represent an important facet in identifying the courses of teaching action and methodologies to take in adapting the curriculum to deal with students with learning difficulties. Deponio and Macintyre (2003, pp. 89-90) point to a solution representing the use of individualized curriculums which are integrated into the planning process through a study of the pupils in classroom composition, their records and past comments and performances by other teachers. Such pre teaching planning provides the teacher with a guideline to develop strategies and alternative courses of action based upon this prior information and observation as opposed to adapting as they go (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 91). The Scottish Executive (2002, p. 5) advises that the preceding is an important aspect of improving instructional effectiveness and that too little consultation with parents and prior records is utilized in the development of educational plans on the part of teachers. The idea of ‘individualized education programmes is by no means new. Smith (1990) advises that this represents an established facet of Public Law, 94-142, and that individualized education programmes provide educational opportunities for children with learning difficulties in adapting the curriculum to enable them to participate and learn. It, individualized education programs, represent the combination of â€Å"†¦ team based decisions, parent involvement, data based goal planning and the presumption of access to the general education curriculum (Yell and Shriner, 1997, pp. 1-20). Deponio and Macintyre (2003, p. 91) advise that in order for individualized education programmes to be effective, they must  "†¦ be integrated into the planning process and not regarded as an add on for a particular child†. They add that individualized education programmes represent a method of â€Å"†¦ sharing information and understanding children’s strengths and difficulties †¦ (and that) †¦ agreed aims and targets should be shared so that the document becomes the whole school response to children’s learning† (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 91). Conclusion Effective strategies for raising the attainment of pupils with learning difficulties, as discussed herein, are represented by the processes of ‘Initial and diagnostic assessment’ (Department for Education and Skills, 2007), inclusion (Deponio and Macintyre, 2003, p. 88), and ‘individualized education programmes (Smith, 1990) representing key strategies in the process. The preceding are processes, theories and methodologies that have been developed over a long period of observation, and represent established practices. The facet of learning difficulties is no longer confined to what used to be thought of as a small group, but represents a larger sphere of pupils that includes ethnic diversities as well as those identified with having problems using language, math, general understanding and communication skills. The broad context of pupils that fall into the preceding means that the educational process needs to utilize the observation of teachers, the involvement of parents and the use of curriculum to design programmes that address the individualized learning processes that are present in differing students. The process does not intend to develop specialized programmes that isolate those pupils with learning difficulties, but rather to moderate the curriculum and teaching process to permit the teacher to instruct in a manner that is consistent with the students comprising their classroom. This approach represents a more comprehensive as well as challenging facet to teaching that requires the teacher to have a better understanding of the composition of student abilities and learning facets. Yell and Shriner (1997, pp. 1-20) summarize the foregoing by stating that such represents the utilization of â€Å"†¦ team based decisions, parent involvement, data based goal planning and the presu mption of access to the general education curriculum. Bibliography Bernstein, J. (2002) Assessing the developing child: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Paper presented at the British Psychological Society Paediatric Neuropsychology Training Day, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom Deponio, P., Macintyre, C. (2003) Identifying and Supporting Children with Specific Learning Difficulties: Looking beyond the Label to Assess the Whole Child. RoutledgeFalmer Johnson, K. (1993) Learning to teach: Instructional actions and decisions of preservice ESL teachers. Vol. 26. TESOL Quarterly Keen, D. (2001) Specific neurodevelopmental disorders. Paper presented at the Conference on the Needs of Children with Specific Developmental Difficulties, Bishop Auckland Kelly, N., Norwich, B. (2004) Moderate Learning Difficulties and the Future of Inclusion. RoutledgeFalmer Learning Disabilities Association of America (2007) What do Parents of Children with Learning Disabilities ADHD, and Related Disorders Deal With. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/parents/help/parents.asp Lewis, A., Norwich, B. (2000) Mapping a pedagogy for special educational needs. Vol. 69. BERA National Event Report Loucks-Horsley, S., Hewson, P., Love, N., Stiles, K. (1998) Designing professional development for teachers of science and mathematics. Corwin Press Madsen, A., Olsen, J. (2005) Student Teachers’ Use of Learning Theories to Diagnose Children’s Learning Difficulties. Vol. 17. Journal of Elementary Science Education Mastopieri, M., Scruggs, T., Butcher, K. (1997) How Effective is Inquiry for Students with Mild Disabilities. Vol. 31, Issue 2. Journal of Special Education NASA Occupational Health (2006) Effective Stress Management. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://ohp.nasa.gov/cope/a_ld.htm National Literacy Trust (2007b) Barriers to Achievement – Special Educational Needs. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/dysres.html National Literacy Trust (2007a) Special Educational Needs resources. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Database/dysres.html Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2001) Planning, teaching and assessing the curriculum for pupils with learning difficulties. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority Scottish Consultative Council on the Curriculum (2007) Assessment to support on learning. Retrieved on 18 February 2007 from www.itscotland.org.uk.CurriculumGuide/TestingAnd Assessment/AssessmentToSupportLearning7index.asp The Scottish Executive (2002) Raising the attainment of pupils with special educational needs. Vol. 67. Interchange Smith, S. (1990) Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) In Special Education – From Intent to Acquiescence. Vol. 57. Exceptional Children Teachernet (2007b) Promoting Disability Equality in Schools. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/sen/disabilityandthedda/guidancedisabilityequalityinschools/ Teachernet (2007a) Special educational needs and disability. Retrieved on 17 February 2007 from http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/sen/ Wishart, J. (1993) The development of learning difficulties in children with Down Syndrome. Vol. 37. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Yell, M., Shriner, J. (1997) The IDEA Amendments of 1997: Implications for special and general education teachers, administrators, and teacher trainers. Vol. 30, Issue 1. Focus on Exceptional Children

Harry Potter Influenced By Classical Hero Adventures English Literature Essay

Harry Potter Influenced By Classical Hero Adventures English Literature Essay Classical mythology stories together with the hero adventures are very subtle. Greek mythology culture and religion identifies the origin of the world, gods, and humans and how that society has influence the present society today. They also happen to reveal many relevant motifs that are being used in this contemporary culture. The Joseph Campbell theory portrays a depiction of the differences and similarities in a modern twenty-first century film like, Harry Potter and the Prisoner Of Azkaban. Some of the recurrent motifs that are conveyed in both the great classical myth of hero adventures and in the Joseph Campbell theory are implicated into Harry Potter and the Prisoner Of Azkaban film, these motifs are transformation of appearances, call to adventures and Threshold of Adventures, helpers, death, resurrection and award. Joseph Campbell theory suggests that the same heroic ideas that have been used in the Greek mythology stories it is also being used in the modern fictional hero story today. For example, The Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban movie has conformed the same ideas and motifs by the main character, Harry Potter, first starting off to the struggle and unwanted refrain of living in his uncles house. As he rebels against his intolerable aunt who says horrible things to him of his parents and mistreat him, he uses forbidden magic against her which causes her to blow up. Luckily for him he does not get into trouble. After this whole misfortunate visit, Harry is disappointed and decides to pick up and leave, out of sight a bus appears and picks him up. Harry then sees the front of a newspaper with the breaking news that Sirius Black has escaped the Azkaban Prison. After Harry returns to Hogwarts School, everyone is afraid of Sirius Black. Meanwhile, Harry has bad encounters with Dementors who are dark shadows that kill you by feeding off your happy memories. In addition, Harry thinks that Sirius Black is interested in killing him. This is when Harry goes into an adventure and finds out that Sirius Black is his godfather and was an ally with the evil Voldemort who was also responsible to his parents death. During this mission, Harry fight against a werewolf, which is his Professor Lubin and against the Dementors. During this whole dilemma, Harry discovers how his godfather escaped and all the revelations of truth come out. However, at the end of the story Harry finds out that his godfather was always innocent and that his parents traitor turned out to be Peter Pettigrew who was transformed all the time as , Harry best friend; Ron pet rat. With great success Harry saves his godfathers life and an innocent animal; half eagle and half horse name Buckbeak who if it wasnt for Harry and Hermione; Harry other, best friend Buckbeak would have died. Harry and Hermione are adv ised by their superior Dumbledore to change the past. Due to this they both go on another adventure by going back into time to see how they can prevent Harrys and Buckbeak death from occurring and prevent any further catastrophe (like Harrys godfathers death). One impressive characteristic that the Harry Potter movie along with the classical myths hero adventures share is the transformations of their appearance. For example, in the classical myth the gods and goddess transform themselves into different figures all the time. In the legend of Perseus, for instance, after an oracle told his grandfather Acrisius that a son of his daughter Danae was going to kill him, Acrisius immediately afraid of this locked his daughter under the castles chamber. Nevertheless, Zeus, the god of all the gods lay with Danae by transforming himself into the shower of gold and gets Danae pregnant with Perseus. There are more situations in the classical mythology where these transformations reoccurred various times, for example, Zeus once transformed himself as his daughter Artemis to have sex with Callisto; a female huntress who is Artemis follower, and the goddess Hera; Zeus wife, also transforms herself as an old lady in the myth of Jason, where Jason himself h elps her by carrying her across a river. These stories have had a great influence in the modern fictional stories today like Harry Potters. In Harry Potters, the prisoner (Sirius Black)that escaped the prison of Azkaban, accomplished this by disguising himself into a dog. In addition to this, some of Harrys professors transform themselves into animals and other people too. The Threshold of Adventures is another motif that have influenced in both society (of ancient and modern stories). In the beginning of Harry Potters movie Harry is on vacation at his uncles house, the only family he has. In this world no one is allow to practice magic and their life is more ordinary than when Harry goes back to school. When Harry goes back to school this is where the The Threshold of Adventures is divided between his two worlds. The wizardry world and the normal life back home. This is similar to Heracles and many other heros when they are at their city and home is different from when they go on their adventures, for instances, like the Argonauts or Heracles twelve labors. Moving on, Harry starts the call to adventure when he is first told by Mr. Weasley, Rons father that Sirius Black is after him, Harry from here on knows that he has an enemy to be attentive of. Like in many other ancient heroes stories Harry faces obstacles that try to stop him from continuing to finish his conquest. For example, when Harry is on the train on his way to the School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a Dementor figure, appears on the train to kill harry, lucky for him that he was accompanied by one of the new professors that was going to be teaching in the school of magic. This call to adventure reflects to the hero Heracles, When Heracles is on his twelve labor adventures and even before then, Heracles faces many obstacles that are mostly caused by the goddess Hera. For instance, one of these obstacles is the madness of Heracles, Hera had caused Heracles to go into a fit of insanity causing a lapse of judgment on his part that made him kill his wife and three kids. Although , this tragedy causes Heracles pain, he is still able to overcome this and to continue to keep going forward. On the eleventh labor Heracles is sent to get the apples of the Hesperides during this labor Heracles comes across two impediments, one the sea-god Nereus and the other the serpent Ladon. Fortunately Heracles gets rid of these two barriers. Furthermore, like Harry, Heracles, with the help of supernatural figures and friends is able to rely on someone to help him complete his task, like in Heracles, the goddess Athena and Atlas, Heracles conquest this labor with victory. Harry most dangerous quest is when he has to fight against the Dementors and the werewolf. This is when the helper motif takes place. When Harrys intentions are to fight the werewolf, the dog which is his (godfather) fights for him. Severus Snape one of Harrys Professor is also in the fight and because of the enragement back and forth its that the truth reveals about Sirius Black innocence. Hermione and Ron help Harry runaway first from the Werewolf and then Hermione uses her voice to make a sound to distract the werewolf from hurting Harry. After the werewolf leaves Harry, he is then tormented by the Dementors and a figure that appears in the light rescues him. Due to all this Harry then realizes that he wakes up in a hospital, this is when Dumbledore indirectly advices them to go back into time. Hermione uses her tool, a Time-Turner which is a time travel device that helps them go back in time and prevent Macnair, an executor from killing Buckbeak, and the Dementors from Killing Ha rry and Sirius Black. With the time travelling help Harry goes back and defeats the Dementors by casting a spell from the other side to stop them from killing himself and his godfather. In this movie Harry is being helped by a ghost like entity that enters a female professors body. Which assist him with a message for the upcoming future. Harry also receives the help from professors by being trained to become strong enough to get rid of the Dementors. In the classical myths hero adventures of Heracles and Perseus they receive the help from both supernatural figures and mortals. For example, the goddess Athena and the god Hermes helped these heros with their tasks. These gods also provided them with the tools to facilitate them in conquering their missions. In the myth of the hero Perseus, Athena and Hermes advised Perseus to go to the three Graeae and to force them into telling him the way to the unnamed nymphs Perseus there obtains the cap of invisibility, a pair of winged sandals, and a bag to safely carry Medusas head. Hermes also gave him a scimitar. In Heracles adventures he himself is helped by Athena as previously mentioned. Nonetheless, he is also helped by his human nephew Iolaos in the second labor that he has to perform, The Lernaean Hydra where his nephew helps kill the nine headed serpent. As a result, a new correlation can be made from the ancient times myths and from Harry Potters movie. For instance, in the Perseus legend, Perseus is told that in order for him to get the truth he needs to force the Graeaes by removing their one tooth and eye; this forces them to tell him how to locate the nymphs. Similar to this, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the professor Lupin forcefully transformed Pettigrew from a rat to a human, to prove to Harry that it was Pettigrew after all disguised as a rat, that was responsible for betraying Harry parents and turning them over to the evil Voldermort. These two correlations depict how the same idea of forcing someone out of their will can help the hero achieve what they want. In both these cases Harrys was seeking the truth and in Perseus was to defeat the Gordon. Next the motif of death is used in many ancient hero stories, for example, in Heracles, Deianeira, Heracles wife, had sent him a robe thinking it was going to make him fall love only with her. Unknowingly she didnt know the robe was going to cause him to burn, since the arrow that Heracles had killed the centaur with was poisoned with the hydra he had killed in earlier labors. He was in such agonizing pain that he wanted to die and so he killed himself by mounting his own funeral pyre and had it lit. This is the death of one of the heros. Furthermore, in Harry Potters movie death among the hero is also installed. For instance, when all the Dementors attack Harry and his godfather, his godfather dies and Harry dimly dies too. If it wasnt for the Harry from the future, Harry together with Sirius Black would have both deceased. The theme of death is commonly use in the modern stories today just as it was represented back in antiquity times. The motif of resurrection it is cleverly used in this recent movie just as it was used in many other classical myths. When the Dementors attacked both Harry and the Sirius Black, Sirius died, and since time is stopped there and Hermione and Harry use the time travel device, its the reason that Harry was able to go back and save his godfather and himself. In the legend of Heracles, after Heracles perished, since he had completed all twelve of his labor he received the price of immortality, Heracles father Zeus converted him into an immortal god, where he reconciled with Hera and married her daughter Hebe. Lastly, one of the most frequent motifs is price at the end of each story. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry has the price of knowing the truth of his godfather and saving three lives, Sirius Black, Buckbeak and including the evil Pettigrew, which he didnt allow the werewolf to kill. Harrys life goes back to normal with no fear of having the thought of having someone after him to kill him. Pettigrew now owes his life to Harry. In most of the classical hero adventures, the heros have a happy ending. One illustration is when, Perseus becomes king of Tiryns and lives with his beautiful wife Andromeda. Like mention before, Heracles become an immortal god and marries the goddess of youth, Hebe. In summary, most of the modern stories today are based on the Joseph Campbell theory and the ancient classical mythologies. It gives a great depiction of how the myths of this ancient society have influence and is very relevant to the stories of this current society. The five recurrent motifs give a great exemplification of how contemporary authors and directors rely on these types of foundation to create a successful prolonged novel or movie.

Class Reflection on Study of Indigenous People :: Indigenous Studies

WOW When I first came into this class, introduction to indigenous studies, I was uncertain of what to expect but really interested. Part taking in my major towards history and noticed this class I immediately pounced on it as I was quite interested and very pleased. I have been paying attention to many circumstances going on with the indigenous people, their land and culture over the past few years. As even into the first day of class it opened my eyes to a whole new way of life, situations and much much more that indigenous people have went through and are still going through taking my perception much more in-depth, and I cant belief how astonished I am already only six weeks into the course. A very interesting piece I took very seriously was the one by Ermine, Willie. Aboriginal Esptimology, First Nations Education in Canada. As it began to introduce me into a whole new world of the insight and knowledge of aboriginals, it just amazed me. It helped me understand the thoughts and how in depth and real the believes and rituals are. â€Å"Philosophers among Aboriginal people have explored and analyzed the process of self-actualization. The being in relation to the cosmos possessed intriguing and mysterious qualities that provided insights into existence. In their quest to find meaning in the outer space. Aboriginal people turned into the inner space. This inner space is that universe of being within each person that is synonymous with the soul, the spirit, the self.† Wow. To me that quotation was intense I had to read it over a few times to understand the in depth meaning and message it was giving me. I found it so meaningful and in lighting how the thoughts would come to a person like that. When I read that I was greatly interested in the inner self and honestly looked many examples up on Google for a longer period of time than I thought. But as I read on in Willie’s writings I noticed this quote. â€Å"No one could dictate the path that must be followed. There was reconition that every individual had the capacity to make headway into knowledge that comes from the inner space in the individual gives rise to a subjective world-view out onto the external world. The in-depth and analysis of this reading I cant even explain how this took me, I am sorry if I’m carrying this one reading on to far but I have one more quote I took that I would like to share. Class Reflection on Study of Indigenous People :: Indigenous Studies WOW When I first came into this class, introduction to indigenous studies, I was uncertain of what to expect but really interested. Part taking in my major towards history and noticed this class I immediately pounced on it as I was quite interested and very pleased. I have been paying attention to many circumstances going on with the indigenous people, their land and culture over the past few years. As even into the first day of class it opened my eyes to a whole new way of life, situations and much much more that indigenous people have went through and are still going through taking my perception much more in-depth, and I cant belief how astonished I am already only six weeks into the course. A very interesting piece I took very seriously was the one by Ermine, Willie. Aboriginal Esptimology, First Nations Education in Canada. As it began to introduce me into a whole new world of the insight and knowledge of aboriginals, it just amazed me. It helped me understand the thoughts and how in depth and real the believes and rituals are. â€Å"Philosophers among Aboriginal people have explored and analyzed the process of self-actualization. The being in relation to the cosmos possessed intriguing and mysterious qualities that provided insights into existence. In their quest to find meaning in the outer space. Aboriginal people turned into the inner space. This inner space is that universe of being within each person that is synonymous with the soul, the spirit, the self.† Wow. To me that quotation was intense I had to read it over a few times to understand the in depth meaning and message it was giving me. I found it so meaningful and in lighting how the thoughts would come to a person like that. When I read that I was greatly interested in the inner self and honestly looked many examples up on Google for a longer period of time than I thought. But as I read on in Willie’s writings I noticed this quote. â€Å"No one could dictate the path that must be followed. There was reconition that every individual had the capacity to make headway into knowledge that comes from the inner space in the individual gives rise to a subjective world-view out onto the external world. The in-depth and analysis of this reading I cant even explain how this took me, I am sorry if I’m carrying this one reading on to far but I have one more quote I took that I would like to share.